Cómo el hipercarnívoro «dientes de sable marsupial» logró la visión 3D del depredador

Cómo Thylacosmilus «Marsupial dientes de sable» vio su mundo

El estudio describe cómo un hiperpodio carnívoro extinto probablemente logró la visión 3D a pesar de los ojos muy abiertos más característicos de los herbívoros que de los depredadores.

Un nuevo estudio analiza cómo un pariente marsupial carnívoro extinto con caninos tan grandes que se extienden por la parte superior de su cráneo caza de manera efectiva a pesar de tener los ojos muy abiertos, como una vaca o un caballo. Los cráneos de los carnívoros suelen tener cuencas oculares u órbitas orientadas hacia adelante, lo que ayuda a permitir la visión estereoscópica (3D), una adaptación útil para juzgar la posición de la presa antes de abalanzarse. Científicos del Museo Americano de Historia Natural y del Instituto Argentino de Fisiología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales de Mendoza, Argentina, han estudiado si un «diente de marsupial» Thylacosmilus atrox Se puede ver en 3D en absoluto. Sus resultados se publican hoy (21 de marzo) en la revista biología de la comunicación.

Conocido popularmente como el «diente de sable marsupial (o Metatherian)» porque sus caninos superiores inusualmente grandes recuerdan a los caninos placentarios más famosos que evolucionaron en América del Norte. Thylacosmilus Vivió en América del Sur hasta su extinción hace unos 3 millones de años. Era un miembro de Sparassodonta, un grupo de mamíferos altamente carnívoros relacionados con los marsupiales actuales.

Aunque esparasodonte[{» attribute=»»>species differed considerably in size—Thylacosmilus may have weighed as much as 100 kilograms (220 pounds)—the great majority resembled placental carnivores like cats and dogs in having forward-facing eyes and, presumably, full 3D vision. By contrast, the orbits of Thylacosmilus, a supposed hypercarnivore—an animal with a diet estimated to consist of at least 70 percent meat—were positioned like those of an ungulate, with orbits that face mostly laterally. In this situation, the visual fields do not overlap sufficiently for the brain to integrate them in 3D.

Why would a hypercarnivore evolve such a peculiar adaptation? A team of researchers from Argentina and the United States set out to look for an explanation.

A reconstruction of the skull of Thylacosmilus atrox. Credit: © Jorge Blanco

“You can’t understand cranial organization in Thylacosmilus without first confronting those enormous canines,” said lead author Charlène Gaillard, a Ph.D. student in the Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología, y Ciencias Ambientales (INAGLIA). “They weren’t just large; they were ever-growing, to such an extent that the roots of the canines continued over the tops of their skulls. This had consequences, one of which was that no room was available for the orbits in the usual carnivore position on the front of the face.”

Gaillard used CT scanning and 3D virtual reconstructions to assess orbital organization in a number of fossil and modern mammals. She was able to determine how the visual system of Thylacosmilus would have compared to those in other carnivores or other mammals in general. Although low orbital convergence occurs in some modern carnivores, Thylacosmilus was extreme in this regard: it had an orbital convergence value as low as 35 degrees, compared to that of a typical predator, like a cat, at around 65 degrees.

However, good stereoscopic vision also relies on the degree of frontation, which is a measure of how the eyeballs are situated within the orbits. “Thylacosmilus was able to compensate for having its eyes on the side of its head by sticking its orbits out somewhat and orienting them almost vertically, to increase visual field overlap as much as possible,” said co-author Analia M. Forasiepi, also in INAGLIA and a researcher in CONICET, the Argentinian science and research agency. “Even though its orbits were not favorably positioned for 3D vision, it could achieve about 70 percent of visual field overlap—evidently, enough to make it a successful active predator.”

“Compensation appears to be the key to understanding how the skull of Thylacosmilus was put together,” said study co-author Ross D. E. MacPhee, a senior curator at the American Museum of Natural History. “In effect, the growth pattern of the canines during early cranial development would have displaced the orbits away from the front of the face, producing the result we see in adult skulls. The odd orientation of the orbits in Thylacosmilus actually represents a morphological compromise between the primary function of the cranium, which is to hold and protect the brain and sense organs, and a collateral function unique to this species, which was to provide enough room for the development of the enormous canines.”

Lateral displacement of the orbits was not the only cranial modification that Thylacosmilus developed to accommodate its canines while retaining other functions. Placing the eyes on the side of the skull brings them close to the temporal chewing muscles, which might result in deformation during eating. To control for this, some mammals, including primates, have developed a bony structure that closes off the eye sockets from the side. Thylacosmilus did the same thing—another example of convergence among unrelated species.

This leaves a final question: What purpose would have been served by developing huge, ever-growing teeth that required re-engineering of the whole skull?

“It might have made predation easier in some unknown way,” said Gaillard, “But, if so, why didn’t any other sparassodont—or for that matter, any other mammalian carnivore—develop the same adaptation convergently? The canines of Thylacosmilus did not wear down, like the incisors of rodents. Instead, they just seem to have continued growing at the root, eventually extending almost to the rear of the skull.”

Forasiepi underlined this point, saying, “To look for clear-cut adaptive explanations in evolutionary biology is fun but largely futile. One thing is clear: Thylacosmilus was not a freak of nature, but in its time and place it managed, apparently quite admirably, to survive as an ambush predator. We may view it as an anomaly because it doesn’t fit within our preconceived categories of what a proper mammalian carnivore should look like, but evolution makes its own rules.”

Reference: “Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta” by Charlène Gaillard, Ross D. E. MacPhee and Analía M. Forasiepi, 21 March 2023, Communications Biology.
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04624-5